The rapid expansion of AI workloads, hyperscale data centers, electrified industry, and the broader low-emissions transition has triggered one of the largest infrastructure build-outs in modern history. $3.3 trillion is being deployed annually into renewable generation, grid reinforcement, storage, transmission, hydrogen, and next-generation nuclear (IEA 2025). In several major markets, annual energy transition investment now exceeds what entire national space programs once cost over a decade.

At the same time, the existing energy infrastucture conists of many aging assets, where 78GW of Europe's existing wind farms will have been running for more than 20 years by 2030.